Author name: Emily Meijaard

How KehatiKu Works: Occupancy Modelling Central to the CAPAI application, and the programmes in which it is used, is its ability to translate observations into real-time data that can inform important management decisions and provide insights into species occupancy.   Turning these observations into meaningful data is the responsibility of our skilled in-house team. This forms the third step in the continuous cycle of observation, verification, analysis and incentive that underpins Borneo Futures’ citizen science-based methodologies.   Hafiz Norajame is the lead biostatistician at Borneo Futures. He leads occupancy analyses across our programmes, working alongside external experts and our newly appointed biostatistics assistant, Nurrun Nawwarah. I spoke to him about how this process works, using KehatiKu as an example.   The process begins with verified species records. However, species records alone are not enough to produce reliable occupancy estimates. Citizen science data is inherently opportunistic and unstructured, with considerable variation in where, when and how observations are made. These variations can introduce biases in sampling effort and species detection, which needs to be accounted for in the analysis.   To do this, Hafiz incorporates additional information, known as covariates, that may influence either the probability of detecting a species or the probability of its occurrence in an area.   Detection covariates relate to factors that may affect how likely a species is to be observed. These include the time of day, type of observations, weather conditions, field effort such as the number of species observations made in a particular area during a unique visit, and whether observations were recorded before or after a change in incentive, for example.   Occurrence covariates, meanwhile, relate to environmental and habitat characteristics that may influence where a species is found, such as distance from a road or village, elevation and land cover types. Accounting for both is essential to distinguish between a species being absent from an area and simply not being detected there.   Once these factors have been incorporated, the model can generate estimates of species occupancy across the study area, including individual 1 km² grid cells. Importantly, this also allows the model to estimate occupancy in grid cells where no observations have been recorded, providing a more complete picture of species distribution than the available records alone.   These analyses are conducted as and when they are needed, depending on requests from the team. This might be in response to a change in policy or circumstances, or to monitor changes in species distribution over time. However, before these estimates can be used to inform decisions, they need to be validated against independent data.   One way we do this is through standardised bird surveys, which provide a baseline against which our occupancy estimates can be tested. Between March and June 2026, we compared KehatiKu observations with structured survey data for nine bird species across up to 63 shared 1 km² grid cells.   The results were encouraging: although detection rates were higher in the structured surveys, occupancy estimates from the two data sources showed a strong positive correlation, with no statistically significant difference between them. This suggests that, despite the opportunistic nature of KehatiKu observations, the data can provide reliable estimates of species occupancy, provided that relevant source of variation in species detection are appropriately accounted in the occupancy models.   This ability to account for imperfect detection is one of the key strengths of occupancy modelling. As Hafiz explains, ‘In a standardised search, you might not always detect a species, but it doesn’t mean it isn’t there’. Rather than treating every absence of an observation as evidence that a species is absent, occupancy modelling accounts for the possibility that it was simply overlooked.   There are, however, limitations to what occupancy modelling can tell us. Most importantly, it estimates species distribution rather than population size or abundance. ‘The main limitation is that you can’t tell abundance. This is not the question that occupancy modelling aims to investigate.’   The reliability of the models also depends on the amount of data available. When records for a particular species are very limited, the models may perform poorly, making it difficult to produce precise and reliable estimates. This is particularly challenging when working with some critically endangered species, which may be rarely observed. More complex approaches, such as multi-species occupancy modelling, can help address this limitation by drawing on information from multiple species, allowing estimates for species with low records to benefit from information available for other species.   The introduction of the CAPAI application is expected to help improve this process further. Hafiz believes that the improved quality of observations and increased ease of use will allow the team to work with more complete and accurate datasets, ultimately strengthening the reliability of his analyses.   Ultimately, while estimating abundance using opportunistic citizen science data remains extremely challenging, occupancy modelling allows us to make much greater use of the observations we do have. Unlike standardised surveys, which usually focus on specific locations and sampling periods KehatiKu generates a continuous stream of observations across the landscape. By translating these records into estimates of species distribution, our models can provide valuable insights for land management and policy, helping us better understand where species occur and how their distributions change over time.   In the next edition of this series, I speak to Safwanah Said and Muiz Wafiy from the geospatial team, who explain how they translate the data generated through Hafiz’s analyses into visual tools for research and policy.

Verifying Borneo’s Biodiversity: Where Technology Meets Human Expertise The power of citizen science lies in the sheer scale of biodiversity data that non-specialists can generate; verification is what makes those observations scientifically reliable. In an incentivised citizen science programme, such as KehatiKu, verification is also one of the most important and resource-intensive parts of the system. Every observation must be assessed before it can be accepted into the verified dataset and a payment made to the observer.   The verification system has evolved significantly since commencement two years ago. The project lead explains that, at the start of the project, verification was relatively straightforward, with only 30–50 observations submitted each month. At the time, the payment system was in a testing phase and only applied to observations of orangutans and orangutan nests, and verifications were performed manually using an Excel spreadsheet.   Burung Nendak (Copsychus malabaricus), Labian, photo by: Marselinus Linus Once we were confident that the incentive-based approach was working and generating sustained community participation, additional species were selected through consultation with participating communities to reflect local priorities. These included culturally significant species, particularly traditional omen species, as well as species of conservation importance.   As the programme grew, we also needed a more systematic way to manage the verification process. Our lead developer therefore created the KehatiKu dashboard, now the foundation of our verification work. The dashboard provided a centralised system for verification, allowing multiple users to support and oversee the process.   KehatiKu Dashboard – verification view The publication of the dashboard coincided with a ‘special month’, when payments were also included for observations of plants, fungi, and orchids. The response was dramatic, with observations reaching up to 20,000, creating a significant verification backlog that warranted a transformation of the system.   At this point, only two members of the team were performing manual verifications, but we brought on three new biodiversity staff to help clear the backlog. A new grant from the Arcus Foundation enabled KehatiKu to expand into five additional villages, substantially increasing the flow of observations. With the programme growing in both scale and complexity, it became clear that manual verification alone was no longer sustainable and AI-assisted verification would be essential.   Tupai/Engkerabak (Callosciurus prevostii), Nanga Embaloh, photo by: Saiful Redha Parma Today, the core verification team consists of five members, supported by a network of external verifiers with regional or specialist taxonomic expertise. Together, the in-house team completes around 3,000 manual verifications per week, while external verifiers help reduce the workload and ensure observations can be processed efficiently and in a timely manner, particularly those eligible for payment.   Our IT team is constantly working to enhance the programme’s AI capabilities as the volume and nature of the incoming observations evolves. The verification process is largely automated, meaning that every observation undergoes AI screening for species identification and potential issues such as clustering, while observations that cannot be confidently verified by AI proceed to manual review by the team. This data flow has dramatically reduced the verification burden.   Despite the significant benefits AI has brought to the programme, the team is quick to highlight that AI will never replace human expertise. People are still needed to review uncertain or unusual observations, check the accuracy of automated decisions, and continually improve the system as new challenges emerge. As the team leader explains it, “AI improves efficiency, it doesn’t replace people.”   Kera Ekor Panjang (Macaca fasciularis), Nanga Palin, photo by: Winda Saputri This human role becomes even more important with the introduction of our new flagship mobile phone application, CAPAI, where the verification process is much more transparent. Observers are able to see the verification status of their submissions and receive feedback on observation rejections, making it crucial to have people at the other end of the system who can address grievances in ways that AI may not be able to.   CAPAI is also set to improve our in-house verification process more broadly. The application improves data quality from the outset, looking for duplicate and fake observations, while its offline functionality ensures that time and location data are recorded automatically when an observation is made, regardless of connectivity, critical when most observations are made deep in the forest.   Kangkareng Perut-putih (Anthracoceros albirostris), Nanga Embaloh, photo by: Edi Edi For the verifiers, one of the most rewarding aspects of the work is the opportunity to keep learning. Even with a background in biology, there is always more to discover, from learning about unfamiliar species to recognising local variations in bird calls. For some, the work also carries a particular sense of responsibility: as people from Borneo with backgrounds in biodiversity, they see value in contributing their knowledge to documenting the region’s wildlife.   The work also provides an opportunity to apply academic knowledge in a way that has a tangible impact. As verified observations feed into occupancy modelling and species indices, the verification team can see how their work contributes to a much broader understanding of Borneo’s biodiversity. As one observation verifier put it, “It’s an honour to be part of the team that is bringing light to the biodiversity of Borneo while supporting the livelihoods of local communities.”   While it can be time-consuming and repetitive, verification is ultimately rewarding work. By combining species knowledge, local expertise, technology, and analysis, the team can turn thousands of individual observations into reliable biodiversity data, and ultimately, a better understanding of Borneo’s biodiversity and the communities documenting it.

Capai: Growing a Biodiversity Monitoring Ecosystem Building technology is one thing; seeing it adopted by the people it was designed for is another. In the final two weeks of July, Borneo Futures rolled out its  proprietary Capai citizen science smartphone application across the nine villages currently participating in our KehatiKu community-based biodiversity monitoring programme. Over the course of two weeks, the team travelled village to village, training  observers and migrating them to the new app, marking a major milestone for the programme. Capai Training for KehatiKu Observers Capai forms the front end of the Borneo Futures biodiversity data platform, capturing field observations, and feeding them into an integrated pipeline for verification, analysis, and reporting.  Developed entirely in-house, Borneo Futures is responsible for every aspect of the platform, from backend architecture and maintenance to ongoing feature development. The application lies at the heart of our growing technology division, which now employs 7 software developers, engineers and IT specialists.   The name Capai, meaning “to achieve” or “to reach” in both Malay and Indonesian, reflects the application’s purpose: helping communities achieve meaningful conservation outcomes while making biodiversity monitoring more accessible, accurate and rewarding.   One of the design priorities for Capai was ensuring reliable data collection in remote areas with limited  internet connectivity. While many villages have mobile reception, observers often spend long periods making  wildlife observations in remote forests without a signal. Previously, observations were only uploaded once participants returned to a village or found an internet connection, which could result in inaccurate locations.   Capai solves this problem through complete offline functionality. The moment an observation is made, its time and GPS location are permanently recorded on the device and cannot be altered afterwards. Once internet connectivity becomes available, the observation is uploaded automatically.   “The offline capabilities will have a huge benefit,” says Wano, KehatiKu Coordinator. “Not only does this improve the accuracy of data collection, but Capai also introduces secure account authentication linked to individual users, preventing users from creating multiple accounts and recording the same observation under different aliases.”   Security has also been built into the application from the ground up. Once observations have been successfully uploaded, precise GPS coordinates are automatically removed from the user’s device. This means that even if a phone were to be lost or stolen, sensitive species locations cannot be recovered. The entire platform has been designed as an auditable system, with multiple verification layers and clearly documented data flows, while also incorporating Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) principles and Standard Operating Procedures that promote safe and respectful interactions with wildlife.   According to Azizi, Borneo Futures’ Lead Application Developer, Capai has been designed with observers at its centre.   “We wanted to make the application as simple and intuitive as possible,” he explains. “Many of the processes now happen automatically behind the scenes.”   The interface adapts to both light and dark mode, supports Android devices (IOs-compatibility is in the making), and existing KehatiKu participants are currently having their historical observations migrated from the third party app previously used so they can continue using their existing records without starting again. The application itself continues to evolve, with new features being added as communities provide feedback.   Capai also gives observers far greater visibility over their own contributions. Participants can now follow the progress of every observation, from upload, through verification, to payment, in the case of the community program. They can view village leaderboards, track collective progress towards monitoring targets, access monthly newsletters, and compete for recognition through initiatives such as “Photo of the Month.” Top three photos from July 2026 in the public KehatiKu newsletter “People really care about the photos of the month,” Wano explains. “Observers receive additional payments for these, and it gives everyone extra semangat, extra motivation.”   Digital payments are expected to be introduced over the coming year once an appropriate third-party payment mechanism has been integrated. Until then, payments will continue to be processed manually.   Even so, observers can already see exactly how much they have earned and when payments are expected, helping maintain the transparency that has been central to KehatiKu’s success.   While KehatiKu was the catalyst for Capai’s development, its applications extend far beyond a single programme.  The platform has been designed as a flexible biodiversity monitoring system that can be adapted for community conservation programmes, research organisations and the private sector alike.   One of the first organisations to adopt the platform outside KehatiKu is HUTAN, a grassroots conservation and research organisation working in the Kinabatangan region of Sabah, Malaysia. HUTAN manages biodiversity monitoring across the Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Reserve, a large area where traditional wildlife surveys can be challenging. All-female reforestation team at HUTAN, during an introductory training session to Capai Syafiie, who leads Borneo Futures’ collaboration with HUTAN, recently travelled to Sabah to deliver training to one of HUTAN’s all-female reforestation teams. Although none of the participants had formal biodiversity training, they were eager to learn how to identify and record wildlife.   “The response was overwhelmingly positive,” Syafiie says. “They found the application very intuitive and easy to use.”   Unlike KehatiKu, HUTAN participants are not financially rewarded for observations. Instead, the application motivates participation through recognition and community engagement. Users can follow team rankings, celebrate top observers and best wildlife photographs, receive regular biodiversity newsletters, and monitor the collective progress of their team. The platform is already being adapted for use by several private-sector clients in Sumatra. We are working both with independent smallholder farmers who are using the system to monitor both oil palm pests and wildlife, as well as major oil palm companies, where it supports biodiversity reporting and sustainability commitments alongside existing monitoring systems. In addition to wildlife observations generated by the app, the biodiversity data platform can incorporate camera trap data and high-resolution bird photography, creating a single platform capable of supporting many different approaches to biodiversity monitoring.   Ultimately, Capai represents far more than a new mobile application.

Blog Choosing Conservation: A Community’s Decision to Protect Its Wildlife A sign of change: Nanga Embaloh’s self-imposed hunting ban protects wildlife and reflects growing community stewardship. In the remote village of Nanga Embaloh, deep in West Kalimantan along the floodplain of the meandering Kapuas River, daily life has long been shaped by isolation, limited infrastructure, and reliance on the surrounding forest and rivers. But in late 2025, a quiet shift took place when a new and somewhat unconventional livelihood option, KehatiKu, arrived in Nanga Embaloh. What began as a way to supplement income has grown into something more: a community-driven effort to observe, value, and ultimately protect the wildlife that surrounds them. Through this community-based wildlife monitoring system, villagers voluntarily submit observations and receive direct payments for verified wildlife recordings. With approximately 800 participants across nine villages, the programme generates around 200,000 wildlife observations each year. This volume of data is sufficient to develop occupancy estimates of wildlife occurrence and to measure change over time, and say something meaningful about wildlife populations. In turn, KehatiKu empowers communities to monitor their own wildlife, become custodians of their wildlife data, and strengthen their position in discussions with government and private sector actors when decisions about the future of their forests and land are made. This model is already shaping how communities like Nanga Embaloh perceive wildlife and interact with their environment to the point where wildlife becomes a village asset worth protecting. A Remote Community, A New Opportunity Nanga Embaloh is a rural village in the Embaloh Hilir District of Kapuas Hulu Regency in West Kalimantan, with limited connectivity to other villages and larger towns. For years, the village has been advocating for a 31 km road to connect it to Nanga Mandai, a nearby village, but substantial budget constraints have hindered development. The village is home to 1,236 inhabitants across 350 households. The average monthly income is Rp 1,500,000 (approximately USD 88.50), although high-earning kratom farmers can earn between USD 544 and USD 690 per month during harvest times (Supriadi et al., 2023). Before 2017, many villagers were rubber farmers and fishermen, but there was a significant shift towards kratom farming. Kratom is a tropical tree native to Southeast Asia, harvested for its stimulant and sedative properties. In powdered form, it sells for USD 6–15 per 30 g in international markets. Since 2023, Nanga Embaloh has been participating in the national ‘Kampung Nelayan Merah Putih’ programme, which aims to develop and modernise coastal and fishing villages into more productive and integrated settlements. KehatiKu now offers a reliable primary or secondary income to villagers, who can voluntarily collect wildlife observations at their convenience. New Livelihood Options in Nanga Embaloh   Bapak Toni Espendi is a committed, regular KehatiKu contributor, despite having only started submitting observations in late 2025. He first heard of the initiative from Borneo Futures’ local facilitator, Andi Erman, and people from the neighbouring village, Nanga Palin, which first started participating in KehatiKu in May 2025. Pak Toni, from Nanga Embaloh, using a telelens connected to his smartphone to improve the quality of his observations He tells us that before he first started submitting observations, he rarely went into the forest. However, once he began to learn more about local species and where they could be found, making observations became part of his daily routine.   Being particularly interested in birds, Pak Toni typically sets off early in the morning to look for species in the forest and returns around noon. He then goes out again in the afternoon and ends his ‘shift’ at sunset. Through months of careful observation, he has managed to pinpoint the times and locations where species are most common, making his trips to the forest fruitful opportunities for additional income alongside his main occupation, farming. “Economically, it helps support my children and household needs – covering school expenses, food, electricity, and other daily necessities. The additional income also motivates me to continue making observations. I also bought four camera lenses with my earnings, which have really helped improve the quality of the photos I take.” Another interviewee from Nanga Embaloh, Ibu Susi, short for Susilawati, also used her income from KehatiKu to purchase a camera lens to improve the quality of her observations and increase the proportion of which she received payment. Ibu Susi, a KehatiKu observer from Nanga Embaloh, whose involvement has enabled her to learn more about wildlife and to support her family financially She tells us that the lens has been very useful for her and has allowed her to earn a meaningful income alongside her farming work. She usually makes observations while accompanying her husband at the farm or on days off. “At first, I did not know much about birds or wildlife. As a woman, I rarely entered the forest. But since this program started, I have become more aware and curious about the birds that exist around us.” She lights up when asked about her most memorable observation. “My friends and I found a drongo and a hornbill. It was my first time seeing a drongo, so I felt quite proud. I hope the program can continue because it provides benefits and encourages people to participate.” Pak Toni shares this enthusiasm, with his proudest observation being that of a hornbill, as they are rare, difficult to photograph, and often perched in tall trees. Choosing Conservation   What currently sets Nanga Embaloh apart from other villages involved with KehatiKu is the autonomous declaration of a hunting ban in the area, in response to high community involvement and recognition of the resulting community-wide socioeconomic benefits.   In February 2026, village representatives called for a meeting with the village head, head of the subdistrict and representatives from the army and police. They wanted to know whether it is legally possible to ban outsiders and villagers from hunting or collecting wildlife. As wildlife is now an important source of income, they did not want anyone to reduce the populations.   In the

Blog KehatiKu: Where Wildlife Conservation Pays Pongo pygmaeus, photo taken by KehatiKu observers using telephoto lens What if protecting wildlife could also provide a reliable monthly income? In West Kalimantan, it already does. KehatiKu is Borneo Futures’ flagship community-based wildlife conservation pilot, which tests a novel approach to collecting species data. The concept is based on citizen science, where non-specialists are the data collectors. KehatiKu provides real-time wildlife population metrics through continuous opportunistic and voluntary data collection by local community members, with the ultimate goal of supporting effective, outcome-based conservation. Strengthening our understanding of species presence in human-altered landscapes is fundamental to supporting locally led and autonomous conservation initiatives. The pilot began in 2024 and was initially trialled in four villages in the Kapuas Hulu, West Kalimantan. By the end of 2025, five more villages had joined KehatiKu, bringing the total number of unique observers to 800 as of February 2026. The model is simple: observers voluntarily and opportunistically gather wildlife records during routine activities in and around their villages, usually using their mobile phones. These records, called observations, may be photos, videos, or sound recordings; the latter are often used for hard-to-see species, such as gibbons and many birds. Observations are uploaded, either directly or retrospectively, to the KehatiKu mobile app and sent to our team of in-house and remote biodiversity experts, who verify each one. Once verified, a direct payment is released to the observer, with amounts based on the rarity of each species and the difficulty of observing them. These data also enable our team to conduct occupancy analyses of individual species, creating comprehensive maps that contribute to a growing database of species presence across the landscape. Occupancy map of Bornean orangutan in the area currently covered by KehatiKu, generated by Borneo Futures’ statisticians and the geospatial team Through this process, KehatiKu helps observers gain sustainable and reliable income while recognising the rainforest’s value beyond raw materials. Ultimately, we hope forests and their wildlife will be valued more for conservation than exploitation, and positive signs are already emerging. Some communities have taken the initiative to ban hunting locally to protect the species they record for income. Designed to Last: Local Ownership as a Path to Financial Security Maintaining a continuous feedback loop is vital to KehatiKu’s long-term success; it must belong to the observers—their movement, their responsibility, their benefits. Our local coordinator visits villages regularly, and every few months, members of Borneo Futures’ team from Brunei conduct site visits to assess how KehatiKu is functioning, address concerns, and engage in dialogue with observers about the species recorded. KehatiKu coordinator, Muhammad Syazwan Omar, trains local observers in making and uploading observations to the KehatiKu data collection platform In a recent visit, our team spoke with four observers from Sungai Ajung, a member village: Bu (Mrs) Uneng, who, as of February 2026, has participated in the KehatiKu for eight months; Pak (Mr) Bantan, a long-term observer who started collecting observations in early 2024; Bu Novi, who has been with KehatiKu for eight months; and Bu Gubah, an observer for just over a year. Sungai Ajung is a remote Dayak village, three hours from the district capital, Putussibau. It has nearly 400 residents, 57% of whom are farmers. Nearly 60% of residents have not attended school, and the average annual income per person is USD 740 (Rp 12.5 million). The community sources much of its water and other resources, like firewood, from the surrounding forests. Despite the remoteness, 40% have access to a smartphone, enabling many to become KehatiKu observers. All four observers we interviewed decided to join KehatiKu after seeing neighbours and people in other villages earning better incomes from observations, which helped improve their household economies. Bu Uneng, a KehatiKu observer from Sungai Ajung village Before joining KehatiKu, Bu Uneng worked as a community health volunteer. She notes that her earnings from KehatiKu are significantly higher than her previous income, making it easier to support her family. “I feel much calmer and more independent now, because besides my husband’s income, I can earn my own income every month through observations.” Meanwhile, Pak Bantan, who worked as a village official and tended a small garden, now earns enough from verified observations to comfortably meet household expenses. He highlights the regular, direct payments as making KehatiKu a more reliable income source than his previous job. He also notes that KehatiKu fosters community spirit, with members pooling money to buy items that support their activities. Both Bu Novi and Bu Gubah still work their previous jobs but use KehatiKu to supplement their income, saving for the future and their children’s needs while covering household expenses. “KehatiKu gives me a more stable income than my other work, so I am calmer now that I can save money for my children’s futures,” says Bu Novi. The income earned through verified observations is mainly used for household expenses, including children’s schooling and essentials. Observers also save money for future needs and support others in their village, reflecting the broader community benefits. KehatiKu has also shifted perspectives on forest value. The forest is no longer seen solely as a source of timber, firewood, or building materials, but as a living ecosystem whose wildlife has measurable economic and ecological worth. As Pak Bantan explains: “Every animal we observe plays an important role in maintaining nature’s balance, so I care more and want to help protect and preserve it alongside other villagers.” “Thank you to KehatiKu. Besides protecting the forest, we can also earn income. I hope it continues,” concludes Bu Uneng. As KehatiKu expands as a movement to make wildlife conservation more transparent while benefiting those closest to wildlife, so too does the possibility of a different future for the forests of West Kalimantan. One where communities are not only stewards of the rainforest, but beneficiaries of its protection. With every observation uploaded and every species recorded, KehatiKu is proving that when wildlife conservation creates real value for local people, protecting nature becomes not just